Present healthcare systems face increasing challenges due to growing complexity, fragmented data management and
high operational costs, infrastructures. These limitations obstruct interoperability, compromise data security, and reduce the
efficiency of healthcare service delivery. Blockchaintechnology offers a tamper-proof, promising and decentralized framework
which enables secure, transparent management of healthcare data. Properties of blockchain technology are: immutability,
auditability, interoperability, and
decentralized control - enable secure and trustworthy data exchange among healthcare
stakeholders. Initially designed for financial applications, blockchain has evolved to support healthcare use cases, including
electronic health record management, insurance claim processing, medical device traceability and prescription tracking. There
are a number of issues such as: Access control, interloper ability, provenance and data integrity which is improved by
blockchain technology. This article presents a comprehensive review of blockchain-based approaches for securing healthcare
data, with an emphasis on improving data accessibility and increasing security. It examines key system architectures, consensus
mechanisms, access control models, and consensus algorithms used in healthcare applications. Furthermore, the study evaluates
widely adopted blockchain platforms such as Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum. This review highlights the benefits, limitations,
and open research challenges associated with blockchain-enabled healthcare systems. Overall, the paper contributes to ongoing
research efforts aimed at leveraging blockchain technology to enhance security, efficiency, and trust in healthcare data
management.
[1] Shukla, A., Jirli, P., Mishra, A., & Singh, A. K. (2024). An overview of blockchain research and future agenda: Insights from structuraltopic modeling.
Journal of Innovation&Knowledge,9, 100605.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100605
[2] Hasselgren, A., Kralevska, K., Gligoroski, D., Pedersen, S. A., &Faxvaag, A. (2020). Blockchain in healthcare andhealth sciences—A scoping review.
International Journal of Medical Informatics, 134, 104040.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.104040
[3] Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Singh, R. P., Suman, R., &Rab, S. (2021). Blockchain technology applications in healthcare: An
overview. International Journal
of Intelligent Networks, 2, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2021.05.001
[4] S. Nakamoto, Bitcoin: a Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, (2008).
[5] Mettler, M. (2016). Blockchain technology in healthcare: The revolution starts here. In 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking,
Applications and Services (Healthcom) (pp. 1-3). IEEE.
[6]A. Varshney, N. Garg, K.S. Nagla, et al., Challenges in sensors technology for industry 4.0 for futuristic metrological applications, MAPAN 36 (2021) 215
226, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-021-00453-1.
[7]Tanwar, S. (2022). Blockchain technology: From theory to practice (1st ed.). Springer Nature Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1488-1.
[8] M. Ejaz, T. Kumar, I. Kovacevic, M. Ylianttila, E. Harjula, Health-BlockEdge: blockchain-edge framework for reliable low-latency digital healthcare
applications, Sensors 21 (7) (2021 Jan) 2502.
[9]
of
K.J. O’Dwyer, D. Malone, Bitcoin Mining and Its Energy Footprint, (2014).
[10] Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H., Chen, X., & Wang, H. (2017). An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends. In
Proceedings
the
2017IEEE
International
https://doi.org/10.1109/BigDataCongress.2017.85
Congress
on
Big
Data
(BigData
Congress)
(pp.
557–564).IEEE.
[11] M. Castro, B. Liskov (Eds.), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance, OSDI, 1999.
[12] S. Wang, J. Wang, X. Wang, T. Qiu, Y. Yuan, L. Ouyang, Y. Guo, F.Y. Wang, Blockchain-powered parallel healthcare systems based on the ACP
approach, IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 5 (4) (2018 Aug 28) 942–950.
[13] A. Khatoon, A blockchain-based innovative contract system for healthcare management, Electronics 9 (1) (2020 Jan) 94.
[14] A.A. Mazlan, S.M. Daud, S.M. Sam, H. Abas, S.Z. Rasid, M.F. Yusof, Scalability challenges in healthcare blockchain system—a systematic review, IEEE
Access 8 (2020 Jan 24) 23663–23673.
[15] R. Vaishya, A. Haleem, A. Vaish, M. Javaid, Emerging technologies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology
10 (4) (2020 Jul 1) 409–411.
[16] P.P. Ray, D. Dash, K. Salah, N. Kumar, Blockchain for IoT-based healthcare: background, consensus, platforms, and use cases, IEEE Syst. J. 15 (1) (2020
Jan 21) 85–94.
